Book Review – The Third Chimpanzee by J. Diamond

Agriculture as Humanity’s Greatest Triumph—and Gravest Mistake

Few books examine the paradoxes of human progress as sharply as Jared Diamond’s The Third Chimpanzee. First published in 1991, it remains a provocative work that challenges conventional narratives about agriculture, civilization, and sustainability.

Diamond’s thesis is unsettling: the invention of agriculture—long celebrated as humanity’s defining breakthrough—may also be its “worst mistake.” By tracing how farming reshaped society, he highlights both the extraordinary gains and the deep structural risks we still live with today.

The Gains of Agriculture

Diamond acknowledges the revolutionary power of farming. It provided:

A steady food supply, freeing societies from dependence on hunting and gathering. Population growth, enabling labor specialization and urban development. The rise of surplus economies that supported trade, innovation, and the arts.

Civilization as we know it would not exist without these shifts.

The Costs We Inherited

Yet Diamond argues that these advances came at a price:

Social inequality: Farming concentrated resources, creating hierarchies and wealth gaps. Public health crises: Domestication of animals and population density fueled new diseases. Environmental decline: Intensive agriculture led to deforestation, soil depletion, and ecosystem collapse.

In his view, the agricultural revolution simultaneously solved immediate survival problems while embedding long-term vulnerabilities into human society.

Relevance Today

The book’s insights resonate beyond history. Modern agriculture continues to grapple with food insecurity, unsustainable supply chains, climate stress, and ethical production dilemmas. Diamond’s framing reminds us that these are not new challenges—they are structural features of the very system that underpins civilization.

Verdict

The Third Chimpanzee is not a comfortable read, but it is a necessary one. It forces us to confront the paradox of progress: that the same innovations which propelled humanity forward also introduced risks we have yet to resolve. For anyone working in food, agriculture, or sustainability, Diamond’s work offers essential context on how deeply today’s challenges are rooted in history.

Written by George Chanturia, Founding Partner at Argo Advisory

Argo Advisory | Published: April 2025